Publication Laka-library:
Nuclear France Abroad. History, Status and Prospects of French Nuclear Activities in Foreign Countries (2009)
| Author | Mycle Schneider |
 | - |
| Date | May 2009 |
| Classification | 2.02.6.50/02 (FRANCE - EXPORT/IMPORT) |
| Front | 
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From the publication:
Summary French nuclear development started with the nuclear weapons research efforts during the Second World War in the UK, Canada and the U.S.. At least five French scientists (Halban, Kowarski, Auger,Guéron, Goldschmidt) played a significant role in the development of the first nuclear weapons. Auger chaired the physics department at the Montréal Laboratories, the largest nuclear weapon effort outside the U.S. during the war, and Kowarski headed design and construction of the ZEEP pile, the first nuclear reactor to go critical outside the U.S., in 1945 in Chalk River, Canada. France established its own Atomic Energy Commission (CEA) in 1945 with the task to develop nuclear science and technology. The French nuclear system never developed separate civil and military fuel chains. On the contrary, the design of the system was meant to optimize research, development, design, construction and operation of nuclear facilities so that the civil sector would profit from military advances and vice-versa. Also, organizations were set up to deal with both areas, the CEA in the beginning, later also COGEMA (now AREVA NC) to provide and manage nuclear materials for civil and military uses
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